Stain removal Wikipedia. Stain removal is the process of removing a mark or spot left by one substance on a specific surface like a fabric. A solvent or detergent is generally used to conduct stain removal and many of these are available over the counter. Stain preventioneditIf a stain has set, it has become chemically bonded to the material that it has stained, and cannot be removed without damaging the material itself. Stain removal is the process of removing a mark or spot left by one substance on a specific surface like a fabric. A solvent or detergent is generally used to conduct. It is therefore important to avoid setting stains that one wants to remove. This can be done by avoiding heat by not pressing or ironing the stain, sponging stained materials as quickly as possible, using the correct solvent some solvents will act as catalysts on certain substances and cause the stain to set more quickly, and avoiding rubbing the stain. Stain Removal is possible only due to hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end present in detergents. Stain removaleditMost stains are removed by dissolving them with a solvent. The solvent to use is dependent on two factors the agent that is causing the stain, and the material that has been stained. Different solvents will dissolve different stains, and the application of some solvents is limited by the fact that they not only dissolve the stain, but also dissolve the material that is stained as well. Another factor in stain removal is the fact that stains can sometimes comprise two separate staining agents, which require separate forms of removal. Online books onFree Chemistry Books Download Free Chemistry Ebooks Online Chemistry tutorialsChemistry tutorials downloadable ebooks downloads zip chm A regularly updated site featuring over 85 free resources for material safety data sheets MSDS sites on the internet. 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Free online chemistry tutorials Raders Chemistry 4 Kids by Chem4Kids. CHEM4KIDS Chemistry Research destination. A machine oil stain could also contain traces of metal, for example. Also of concern is the color of the material that is stained. Some stain removal agents will not only dissolve the stain, but will dissolve the dye that is used to color the material. Comment Installer Perian Sur Quicktime on this page. SolventseditThese are some of the solvents that can be used for stains, with some examples of the stains that they are capable of removing 23Oxidising solventseditHousehold bleach generally removes a stains colour, without dissolving the stain itself. Hydrogen peroxide is also a bleaching agent that can be used to treat stains. Reducing solventseditSodium hydrosulphite and sodium hypochlorite normally used for removing stain and dyes colors. Lacquer solventseditAcetone is good for removing some glues, nail polish, ink stains, rubber cement, and grease. Nail polish remover may contain acetone, however for general use it is best to obtain bottled acetone from a hardware store. It can be diluted with water. Inert solventseditInert solvents are those that do not react with anything in the stain. Water for example can be considered as an inert solvent for some kinds of stains. In this case dissolving the stain is not a chemical reaction but a physical process. DetergentseditSurfactants detergents are molecules that have one polar end and one non polar end and can be used for stain removal. They can help to emulsify compounds that are not usually soluble in water. For example, if you put oil in water, they tend to stay separated. If you put oil, detergent, and water together and shake them up, then you get a mixture that can help to remove stains. Lemon juice, containing citric acid which is the active bleaching agent, can effectively remove stains. C8Zj.jpg' alt='Chemical Bond Pdf Books Free Download' title='Chemical Bond Pdf Books Free Download' />Its action can be accelerated by exposing the stain to sunlight, or some other UV source, while soaking. Various acids were used in the past such as Phosphoric acid as used in Calcium Lime Rust Remover CLR and Hydrofluoric acid as used in the Australian product made in Queensland called Rustiban. Both of these Acids have been removed from sale to the general public due to toxicity concerns. Both of these acids were used primarily to remove rust. Other rust removal acids are oxalic acid. See also Borax or Boric Acid, Vinegar or acetic acid which can also help bring out stains. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. January 2. AlkaliseditSodium Hydroxide Is also commonly used in drain cleaners. It allows Grease and other oils to dissolve into Aqueous solution. Water. Other Alkalis such as Potassium Hydroxide much stronger than Sodium Hydroxide are also used. Both of these are hazardous chemicals and react with animal flesh. High enough concentrations, as in industrial cleaners, andor significant exposure time without adequate protection of the exposed area will cause serious chemical burns. Alkalis helps remove dirt, grass, and clay stains. See also Cloudy Ammonia Ammonia. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. January 2. Baby Powder. This can be used to absorb grease before washing. Club Soda. This can be used for pet stains and out of doors. There is no chief underlying chemical reason why club soda would be superior to plain water in stain removal. Glycerine. This can be used to soften set stains, especially on wool and non water washable fabrics. Boiling Water. This can be used to take out fruit juice stains. Luke warm Water. Water is an excellent solvent for colorless sugary stains, such as sticky residues of dropped candy as well as Apple jam and honey. Application of solventseditThere are four ways to apply a solvent to a fabric for removing stains 1Soaking. Application of Pressure. Front Sponging. This is the most common way of treating non washable fabrics. The front of the fabric is sponged with a sponge that is soaked in the solvent being used. The rear of the fabric should be backed up with a clean, absorbent, material. The stain is rubbed with the sponge radially, from the centre of the stain towards its edge. It is important not to rub the sponge in a circular motion, as that causes the stain to spread in rings. Back Sponging. The stained side of the material is placed face down on a clean, absorbent, material. The back of the fabric is then sponged with a sponge that is soaked in the solvent being used. It is important not to rub the material with the sponge, but to use a padding motion, so as not to spread the stain. The solvent dissolves the stain, which is deposited on the absorbent material beneath. To completely remove the stain it may be necessary to use more than one absorbent pad. Hair dye stainseditHair coloring products are commonly used to cover gray, look more attractive or keep up with fashion, yet they pose a challenge for many women. Because of the length of time the hair dye must be on the hair to achieve deep, even results, it often seeps or drips down onto the hairline, ears or neck, causing unsightly and irritating stains on the skin. Dye users are not universally affectedsome persons have a tendency to get stains while others do notmost likely due to the variations in lipid or natural oil composition on the skin surface from one person to the next. Many salons and stylists advocate the use of petroleum jelly to prevent stains. Placing a rim of petroleum jelly around the hairline creates a physical barrier to prevent the dye from running down onto the skin of the forehead and neck, and fills the pits and recesses within the epidermal layer. ChemistryeditHuman hair is composed largely of keratin protein, which has a negative ionic charge, giving hair a negative ionic charge as well. As chemistry dictates, oppositely charged compounds attract and compounds with the same charge repel each other. Most hair dyes are positively charged, helping them attach to the negative sites in hair and contributing to a better bond between the dye and the hair. Chemical Communications. Impact factor 6. Issues per year 1. Indexed in MEDLINE.